300-400 CE

In 286 CE, Emperor Diocletian began dividing the Roman Empire with his "Tetrarchy," which ultimately led to the establishment of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires. Judea (Palestine) became part of the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, in the 4th Century. 

When Constantine the Great came to power in 306 CE, he built a new imperial residence in the city of Byzantium, officially renaming it "New Rome", while also taking on the name Constantinople in his honour. It remained the capital of the Eastern or Byzantine Empire for more than a thousand years. Constantine became the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.

Increasing religious, political, and economic pressure was placed on the Jews by the new religious power, sparking yet another revolt known as the Gallus revolt. Despite the rising oppression, the creation and compilation of the Jerusalem Talmud continued unabated. 

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