100 - 200 CE
Israel Is Ruled from Rome
Synagogues Prove Israelite Presence in the Land of Israel, Bar Kokhba Revolt against Emperor Hadrian, The Celebration of Succoth, The Mishnah (Study by oral repetition)
In the second century CE, the Land of Israel—ruled by Rome—adapted to a new reality in which communal prayer in synagogues replaced the Temple service. Antisemitism persisted relentlessly across the Roman Empire, and the hostility led the Jews, under the leadership of Shimon Bar Kokhba, to launch the greatest revolts of the Roman period. The Jewish uprisings cost Rome more manpower and material loss than any other war. Eventually, Emperor Hadrian expelled all Jews from Jerusalem, destroyed the city to its foundations, and built in its place a pagan city named Aelia Capitolina. He maliciously changed the name "Yehuda" (Judea) to "Syria Palaestina," better known today as "Palestine," after the ancient enemy of Israel in the time of King David—the Philistines, whose name means "invaders."
